“今日分享(一)”:带你了解看板管理

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看板管理

—— kanban manaqgement ——

看板管理是通过看板的运行对生产过程中各工序生产活动进行控制的信息系统。它以“彻底 消除无效劳动和消费“为指导思想, 以”后工序领取“为基本原则。具有信息传递的意思，有很大程度的商业的意味，而不拘泥于形。

Kanban management is an information system which controls the production activities of each process through kanban operation. It takes "completely eliminate invalid labor and consumption" as its guiding ideology and "get after working procedure" as its basic principle. It's informational, it's very commercial, it's not formal.

看板管理五大功效

工作完成情况图片说明

01 解放管理者<<<<

决策人员通过看板卡的方式将必需的配件信息直接发布上传，分配好人员工作，每一任务由相应的负责人负责，不用管理者亲自监督，起到了解放管理者的作用。

The decision makers directly release and upload the necessary accessory information through the way of kanbanka, assign the work of the staff, and each task is taken charge of by the corresponding person in charge, without the supervision of the manager personally, which plays the role of liberating the manager.

02流程透明化<<<<

它通过各种形式如标语/现况板/图表/电子屏等把文件上、脑子里或现场等隐藏的情报揭示出来，以便任何人都可以及时掌握管理现状和必要的情报，从而能够快速制定并实施应对措施。

It through a variety of forms such as slogans/status boards/charts/electronic screens, documents, in the mind or on the scene and other hidden information revealed, so that anyone can grasp the management status and necessary information, so as to quickly formulate and implement countermeasures.

03营造积极向上的氛围<<<<

员工可以通过看板上的各项卡片查看自己进度，通过比较其他同事的进度，就形成了向上的氛围，从而更加积极向上。

Employees can check their progress through the cards on the kanban and compare the progress of other colleagues, thus forming an upward atmosphere and being more positive.

04 动态管理的前提<<<<

看板管理包含2种：一是动态管理看板；二是静态管理看板。动态管理可以随时随地把发现的问题、一些指标的变化及时记录，更新到看板上。

Kanban management includes two kinds: one is dynamic management kanban; The second is static management kanban. Dynamic management can record and update the problems and changes of some indicators to kanban at any time and anywhere.

05 共享目标与成果<<<<

开始时看板最左侧就贴满了需要完成的工作，随着日程进展，卡片逐步从左侧向右侧移动，当团队看着卡片一张张从左侧移右侧时，那种完成工作所带来的成就感也很容易激励团队持续聚焦目标的达成。

The left side of the kanban is filled with work to be done at the beginning, and as the schedule progresses, the cards move from left to right. As the team watches the cards move from left to right, the sense of accomplishment that comes with getting the job done motivates the team to keep focusing on the goal.

看板管理六大原则

工作完成情况图片说明

一、可视化的工作流程

看板是前后作业之间联系与沟通的工具。看板一般可分为“ 领取看板”和“生产指示看板”。“领取看板”记载着后工序应该从前工序领取的产品种类和数量, 而 “生产指示看板”指示前工序必须生产的产品种类和数量。看板上详细记载了零件的编号、名称、数量、存放地点等信息, 为信息的传递提供了便捷。

Kanban is a tool for connecting and communicating between assignments. Look board can be divided into "get kanban" and "production instructions kanban". The "Receiving Kanban" records the type and quantity of products that the following process should receive from the previous process, while the "Production instruction Kanban" indicates the type and quantity of products that the previous process must produce. Kanban has detailed records of parts number, name, quantity, storage location and other information, which provides convenience for information transmission.

二、限制“进行中”下任务数

在敏捷开发中，WIP限制决定了每种情况下的工作流中可以存续的最大工作量。限制进行中的工作数量可以更容易辨识团队工作流中的无效工作。

In agile development, WIP limits determine the maximum amount of work that can be sustained in a workflow in each situation. Limiting the amount of work in progress makes it easier to identify invalid work in a team's workflow.

三、从上一个list拖动产生工作

一旦发现不合格产品，就不能再继续生产，必须首先提出防止其再次发生的对策。为了更彻底地实施上述消除不合格品的活动，“不将不合格产品送往后工序”，因此就需要后面的工序从上一个list拖动来继续下一项工作。

If a defective product is found, it cannot be manufactured and measures should be taken to prevent its recurrence. In order to implement the above nonconforming elimination activities more thoroughly, "nonconforming products are not sent to the next process", so the latter process needs to be dragged from the previous list to continue the next work.

四、监控，调整，提高，不断改进生产、控制库存

在看板管理系统中制品的数量由看板卡严格控制。因为每张卡对应着一个标准的运转箱,只要知道运转箱的大小和生产现场看板卡的数量, 简单地计算便可知库存水平。生产管理人员通过不断减少看板卡数量来逐渐降低库存。通过不断调整看板卡的数量来减少在制品的库存以达到对生产制造系统的不断完善, 从而使生产系统效率不断提高、运行长久可靠。

The number of wiP in kanban management system is strictly controlled by kanban cards. Because each card corresponds to a standard running box, the inventory level can be known simply by calculating the size of the running box and the number of cards on the production site. Production managers gradually reduced inventory by reducing the number of kanban cards. By constantly adjusting the number of cards to reduce the inventory of wIP to achieve continuous improvement of the production and manufacturing system, so that the efficiency of the production system continues to improve, long and reliable operation.

五、错误的数据、金额等不能转移到下一个项目

当数据出现错误时，必须解决后才能传输到下一个项目,前生产工序只生产加工后生产工序所领取的数目,各生产工序只可以按照后生产工序的标准进行生产加工，才能顺利传输。

When errors occur in the data, they must be solved before transmission to the next project. The pre-production process only produces the number received by the production process after processing, and each production process can only produce and process according to the standard of the production process after processing, so as to smooth transmission.

六、看板始终伴随每一个项目

每一个项目卡片将会始终存在，根据发布任务的时间，依次存放在看板左侧，若那一项目所有人均完成，则会存放在邻近任务右侧的卡片中。

Each project card will always be present, stored on the left side of the kanban in order of when the task was released, or on the right side of the adjacent task if everyone in that project has completed it.

看板管理五大优势

1、可视化

视觉化的东西永远最直观有效。看板如同交通信号灯，管理流量、何时启动、减慢、停止，控制生产数量和生产顺序，满足客户需求。

Visual things are always the most intuitive and effective. Like traffic lights, kanban manages flow, when to start, slow down and stop, and controls production quantity and sequence to meet customer needs.

2、生产改进

看板系统拥有通过改善生产流程降低成本、避免浪费的固有能力。

一方面有更好的管理库存水平：可避免库存过多，存储的保险和安全的间接费用增加导致的现金流问题，也可避免库存太少损害企业信誉，导致销售损失和客户流失。

另一方面有更平滑的制造流程：看板系统侧重于当前条件，计算生产水平、考虑设备停机时间，废料和切换时间，在确保满足生产计划的同时避免过度生产。

Kanban systems have the inherent ability to reduce costs and avoid waste by improving production processes.

On the one hand, there is better management of inventory levels: it can avoid cash flow problems caused by excessive inventory, increased overhead costs of storage insurance and security, and it can avoid too little inventory damaging corporate reputation, resulting in lost sales and customer turnover.

On the other hand, there is a smoother manufacturing process: Kanban systems focus on current conditions, calculate production levels,take into account equipment downtime, scrap and switching times, and avoid overproduction while ensuring production schedules are met.

3、对计划变动响应的灵活性

项目和生产管理从来就不是制定好就绝无变动的，生产计划来自于客户需求。

看板系统的即时生产核心确保了这种灵活性。

Project and production management is never fixed. Production planning comes from customer needs.

The just-in-time production core of kanban systems ensures this flexibility.

4、对控制权的交付

看板把控制的权力交给了真正在做事的人，恰恰是对这个环节最熟悉的人。

一方面，这对工作计划流程造成一个有益的缓冲空间，将监管日常运行的责任安放到每一个实施者身上；

另一方面，增加员工之间的尊重、信任，构成一个共同的目标，引发对工作的热情和奉献度，提高生产率。赋权是一种有效的管理。

Kanban gives control to the people who are actually doing the work, the ones who are most familiar with the process.

On the one hand, it creates a useful buffer for the workplanning process, placing responsibility for overseeing day-to-day operations on each implementers.

On the other hand, increasing respect and trust among employees can form a common goal, arouse enthusiasm and dedication to work, and improve productivity. Empowerment is effective management.

5、质量控制和自我约束

看板系统促成一个致力于质量改进的环境。小批量、进度的生产进行模式导致质量控制问题可以更容易地在源头查找。此外，看板系统通过及时的检测，解决了库存过多掩盖质量问题，后期挽回改进麻烦的问题。

The Kanban system fosters an environment dedicated to quality improvement. The small-batch, scheduled production pattern makes quality control issues easier to find at the source. In addition, the Kanban system solves the problem of excessive inventory to cover up the quality problem and save the trouble of improvement in the later stage through timely detection.

两大常见看板类型

01物理看板

?便于与外部沟通。一般来说，在团队开展迭代运作后，我们是希望沟通减少一些汇报工作，比如周边、例行的进展汇报会议等等，实际上这些需要的信息都可以在看板上体现出来。便于团队内部协作,大家随时都能够看到看板的状态：问题、进展、风险等等，一目了然。

?便于与外部沟通。一般来说，在团队开展迭代运作后，我们是希望沟通减少一些汇报工作，实际上这些需要的信息都可以在看板上体现出来。便于与外部沟通。

? Facilitate external communication. Generally speaking, after the team has started an iteration, we want to communicate and reduce some reporting work, such as peripheral work, routine progress reporting meetings, etc., which can be reflected in the kanban. It's easy to collaborate within the team, and everyone can always see the status of kanban: issues, progress, risks, and so on at a glance.

? Facilitate external communication. In general, after the team has carried out an iteration, we want to communicate and reduce the amount of reporting, but in fact this information is reflected in the kanban. Facilitate external communication.

02电子看板

?细节记录。虽然我们一直倡导说敏捷更注重的是面对面沟通，但是实际上有些沟通的结果是需要记录和跟踪的细节记录。虽然我们一直倡导说敏捷更注重的是面对面沟通，但是实际上有些沟通的结果是需要记录和跟踪的。

?迭代的持续改进。对于迭代如何更好的进行持续改进，我们会借助一些度量指标，而这些指标背后的数据支撑，就需要电子看板的强大统计功能。比如故事的cycle time、lead time的统计，bug数量的统计，电子看板能够更好的帮助我们去做度量，从而帮助团队分析问题、持续改进迭代的持续改进。

?需求关联性。业界通常会按照需求的颗粒度大小将其分为Epic、Feature、Story三个层级，在实际应用中这三个层级直接往往会有一定的关联或者依赖，比如一个大的Epic故事可以拆分成多个Feature故事、Feature故事可以拆出不同的用户故事，这些故事之间的关联关系，也可以通过电子看板来进行很好的管理，不同的角色需要关注的粒度大小也会不同，在电子看板中就可以各取所需。

? Record details. While we have always advocated that Agile is more about face-to-face communication, in reality some communication results in detailed documentation that needs to be recorded and tracked. While we advocate for agile to focus more on face-to-face communication, the reality is that some communication results need to be recorded and tracked.

? Iterative continuous improvement. We rely on metrics for how iterations can lead to continuous improvement, and the data behind these metrics requires the statistical power of electronic Kanban. For example, statistics of cycle time and lead time of stories, statistics of bug number, electronic kanban can better help us to make measurements, so as to help the team analyze problems and make continuous improvement of iterations.

? Demand relevance. The industry usually divides requirements into Epic, Feature and Story levels according to the granularity of requirements. In practical applications, these three levels often have certain correlation or dependence. For example, a large Epic Story can be divided into multiple Feature stories, and Feature stories can be divided into different user stories. The relationships between these stories can also be managed through electronic kanban, where different characters have different levels of granularity to focus on.

03如何选择两种看板

? 如果团队是集中办公，建议物理看板+电子看板组合的方式，但是有个原则：尽量不要在两个看板上做大量重复的工作，比如物理看板更多的是信息展现、风险问题标识，所以对于故事卡尽量保留简洁，只写用户故事的标题，关键信息。

? 如果团队成员大多是远程办公，那就尽量选择电子看板进行协作，也能够很好的完成日常的沟通。同时可以采用大屏幕显示的方式讲电子看板可视化出来，时时可以看到，也有利于团队和外部干系人之间更好的沟通.

? if the team is to focus on office, it is suggested that physical kanban + electronic kanban combination way, but there is a principle: try to avoid a lot of repetitive work on two board, such as physical kanban show more information, risk identification, so try to keep the story card is concise, just write the title of the user stories, key information.

? If most of your team members work remotely, try electronic kanban for collaboration and daily communication. At the same time, the electronic kanban can be visualized by the way of large screen display, which is always visible, and also conducive to better communication between the team and external stakeholders.

五大看板软件推荐

01Trello

功能：

• 能够使用进度表创建清单
• 能够通过类别，标签归纳管理
• 邮件通知
• 来自不同用户的实时同步
• 支持上传附件和文件
• 支持10种不同的语言
• 截止日期提醒
• 数据筛选

• Ability to create lists using a schedule
• Ability to manage by category and tag
• Email notification
• Real-time synchronization from different users
• Supports uploading attachments and files
• Support for 10 different languages
• Deadline reminder
• Data screening

02Bitrix24

功能：

• 协作功能
• 时间跟踪
• 任务管理
• 里程碑和依赖项跟踪
• 多个视图
• 项目策划能力
• 路线图
• Collaboration capabilities
• Time tracking
• Task management
• Milestone and dependency tracking
• Multiple views
• Project planning ability
• The roadmap

03板栗看板

功能：

• 看板、卡片、列表
• 卡片进行分类组合
• 工作流程自动化选项
• iOS / 安卓 / 网页
• 团队协作

• Kanban, cards, lists
• The cards are sorted and combined
• Workflow automation options
• IOS/Android/Web
• Team collaboration

04Leangoo

功能：

• 需求、任务、问题和文档的管理和协作
• 通过拖拽来移动卡片到不同的
• 状态列表
• 快速为团队人员其安排任
• 支持看板方法和Scrum敏捷开发
• Management and collaboration of requirements, tasks, issues, and documentation
• Drag and drop to move cards to different
• State list
• Assign team members quickly
• Support for kanban and Scrum agile development

05worktile

功能：

• 看板泳道（甬道）
• 自定义泳道（甬道）
• WIP限制（Limit Work In Progress）
• 将步骤拆分为Doing/Done & DoD
• 可视化报表（支持自定义）
• 多种视图查看
• 自定义筛选
• 权限管理
• Kanban swimming lane (alley)
• Usr-defined swimming lane (tunnel)
• WIP Limit Work In Progress
• Split the steps into Doing/Done & DoD
• Visual reports (customized)
• View multiple views
• Custom filtering
• Rights management

今天的分享就到这里了。如果你对今天的文章有独特的想法。

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翻译：来源于谷歌翻译、有道翻译

参考资料：来源于知乎、百度百科

图片：来源于网络

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